Sunday, December 13, 2009

Biological Immortality

Biological immortality is the absence of a sustained increase in rate of mortality based on chronological age. A cell or organism that does not experience aging, or ceases to age at some point, is biologically immortal. Life defined as biologically immortal is still susceptible to causes of death besides aging, including disease and trauma. Biological Immortality is not just a concept, but has been demonstrated by a few species on earth:

  • Turritopsis nutricula — a species of jellyfish. After becoming a sexually mature adult, they transform back into a child (the polyp stage) via the cell conversion process of transdifferentiation. This process repeats indefinitely. Its immortal adaptation has allowed it to spread from its original habitat in the Caribbean to "all over the world."
  • Bacteria (as a colony) — Bacteria reproduce through cell division. A parent bacterium splits itself into two identical daughter cells. These daughter cells then split themselves in half. This process repeats, thus making the bacterium colony essentially immortal.
  • Hydra — a freshwater animal, considered biologically immortal as they do not undergo senescence or aging. Hydras are predatory animals that can be found in most unpolluted freshwater ponds, lakes and streams in the temperate and tropical regions.
  • Bristlecone Pines — a pine tree species speculated to be potentially immortal; the oldest known living specimen is 4,789 years old. Even longer lived are "tree colonies" which are genetically identical trees that are all a part of a single living organism with an enormous underground root system. A group of 47,000 Quaking Aspen clones (nicknamed "Pando") in Utah is estimated to be about 80,000 years old. A colony of sea grass, Posidonia oceanica, in the Mediterranean Sea, could be up to 100,000 years of age

Tuesday, December 8, 2009

The Erdemovic Dilemma

At the height of the Bosnian war, Drazen Erdemovic was a 23-year old soldier in the Bosnian Serb army led by Radko Mladic. When war broke out, Erdemovic was an unemployed electrician with a wife and newborn son. He had no enthusiasm for the war, but in an effort to support his family he enlisted with Croatian forces but was soon expelled for releasing prisoners slated for abuse. Erdemovic specifically requested assignment to a non-combat unit “so that he would not have to shoot anyone."

On July 15th, immediately following the fall of Srebrenica, the unit was dispatched to Pilica Farm outside the city. When buses filled with civilian prisoners arrived, Erdemovic’s unit was ordered to lead them into the field in groups of 10 and shoot them all. As soon as Erdemovic realized what was happening, he refused to participate. As he later testified:

"They told us that a busload of civilians would come from Srebrenica. I said immediately that I did not want to take part in that. . .and they told me, ‘If you do not wish to … you can just go stand in line with them. . .and we will kill you too’ I [was] not sorry for myself, but for my family and son who then had nine months, and I could not refuse because they would have killed me."

Erdemovic chose to participate in the firing squads, and he later estimated that he personally killed as many as 70 people over several hours, all of whom were bound and gagged and shot in the back

Question: Can Erdemovic be blamed for the killings?